This report focuses on ten specific questions on the current knowledge about tamarisk and Russian olive (TRO) effects on water availability. The Panel assembled to complete the report was asked to address whether TRO water use, or evapotranspiration (ET), is sufficiently understood to reasonably predict the water savings associated with TRO removal and native species restoration. The panel was also asked to detail where and how future research and demonstration projects could best contribute to tamarisk and Russian olive management and its role in the stewardship of Western rivers.